diff --git a/backend/app/api/v1/imp.py b/backend/app/api/v1/imp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8546a549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/api/v1/imp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import uuid
+from datetime import date
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.core.deps import get_db_session
+from app.schemas.imp import TxCreate
+
+router = APIRouter()
diff --git a/backend/app/api/v1/imp_batches.py b/backend/app/api/v1/imp_batches.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2f71163
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/api/v1/imp_batches.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import uuid
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.core.deps import get_current_user, get_db_session, require_study_member, require_study_roles
+from app.crud import audit as audit_crud
+from app.crud import imp_batch as batch_crud
+from app.crud import study as study_crud
+from app.schemas.imp import BatchCreate, BatchRead, BatchUpdate
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+async def _ensure_study_exists(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID):
+    study = await study_crud.get(db, study_id)
+    if not study:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Study not found")
+    return study
+
+
+@router.post(
+    "/",
+    response_model=BatchRead,
+    status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_roles(["PM", "IMP"]))],
+)
+async def create_batch(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    batch_in: BatchCreate,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+    current_user=Depends(get_current_user),
+) -> BatchRead:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    try:
+        batch = await batch_crud.create_batch(db, study_id, batch_in)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, detail=str(exc)) from exc
+    await audit_crud.log_action(
+        db,
+        study_id=study_id,
+        entity_type="imp_batch",
+        entity_id=batch.id,
+        action="CREATE_IMP_BATCH",
+        detail=f"IMP batch {batch.batch_no} created",
+        operator_id=current_user.id,
+        operator_role=current_user.role,
+    )
+    return BatchRead.model_validate(batch)
+
+
+@router.get(
+    "/",
+    response_model=list[BatchRead],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_member())],
+)
+async def list_batches(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    product_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    status_filter: str | None = None,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+) -> list[BatchRead]:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    batches = await batch_crud.list_batches(db, study_id, product_id=product_id, status=status_filter)
+    return [BatchRead.model_validate(b) for b in batches]
+
+
+@router.patch(
+    "/{batch_id}",
+    response_model=BatchRead,
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_roles(["PM", "IMP"]))],
+)
+async def update_batch(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    batch_id: uuid.UUID,
+    batch_in: BatchUpdate,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+    current_user=Depends(get_current_user),
+) -> BatchRead:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    batch = await batch_crud.get_batch(db, batch_id)
+    if not batch or batch.study_id != study_id:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Batch not found")
+    updated = await batch_crud.update_batch(db, batch, batch_in)
+    await audit_crud.log_action(
+        db,
+        study_id=study_id,
+        entity_type="imp_batch",
+        entity_id=batch_id,
+        action="UPDATE_IMP_BATCH",
+        detail=f"IMP batch {batch_id} updated",
+        operator_id=current_user.id,
+        operator_role=current_user.role,
+    )
+    return BatchRead.model_validate(updated)
diff --git a/backend/app/api/v1/imp_inventory.py b/backend/app/api/v1/imp_inventory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3ae849b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/api/v1/imp_inventory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import uuid
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.core.deps import get_db_session, require_study_member
+from app.crud import imp_inventory as inventory_crud
+from app.crud import study as study_crud
+from app.schemas.imp import InventoryRead
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+async def _ensure_study_exists(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID):
+    study = await study_crud.get(db, study_id)
+    return study
+
+
+@router.get(
+    "/",
+    response_model=list[InventoryRead],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_member())],
+)
+async def list_inventory(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    site_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    product_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+) -> list[InventoryRead]:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    inv = await inventory_crud.list_inventory(db, study_id, site_id=site_id, product_id=product_id)
+    return [InventoryRead.model_validate(i) for i in inv]
diff --git a/backend/app/api/v1/imp_products.py b/backend/app/api/v1/imp_products.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e53d58d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/api/v1/imp_products.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import uuid
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.core.deps import get_current_user, get_db_session, require_study_member, require_study_roles
+from app.crud import audit as audit_crud
+from app.crud import imp_product as product_crud
+from app.crud import study as study_crud
+from app.schemas.imp import ProductCreate, ProductRead, ProductUpdate
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+async def _ensure_study_exists(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID):
+    study = await study_crud.get(db, study_id)
+    if not study:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Study not found")
+    return study
+
+
+@router.post(
+    "/",
+    response_model=ProductRead,
+    status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_roles(["PM", "IMP"]))],
+)
+async def create_product(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    product_in: ProductCreate,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+    current_user=Depends(get_current_user),
+) -> ProductRead:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    product = await product_crud.create_product(db, study_id, product_in)
+    await audit_crud.log_action(
+        db,
+        study_id=study_id,
+        entity_type="imp_product",
+        entity_id=product.id,
+        action="CREATE_IMP_PRODUCT",
+        detail=f"IMP product {product.name} created",
+        operator_id=current_user.id,
+        operator_role=current_user.role,
+    )
+    return ProductRead.model_validate(product)
+
+
+@router.get(
+    "/",
+    response_model=list[ProductRead],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_member())],
+)
+async def list_products(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    is_active: bool | None = None,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+) -> list[ProductRead]:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    products = await product_crud.list_products(db, study_id, is_active=is_active)
+    return [ProductRead.model_validate(p) for p in products]
+
+
+@router.patch(
+    "/{product_id}",
+    response_model=ProductRead,
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_roles(["PM", "IMP"]))],
+)
+async def update_product(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    product_id: uuid.UUID,
+    product_in: ProductUpdate,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+    current_user=Depends(get_current_user),
+) -> ProductRead:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    product = await product_crud.get_product(db, product_id)
+    if not product or product.study_id != study_id:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Product not found")
+    updated = await product_crud.update_product(db, product, product_in)
+    await audit_crud.log_action(
+        db,
+        study_id=study_id,
+        entity_type="imp_product",
+        entity_id=product_id,
+        action="UPDATE_IMP_PRODUCT",
+        detail=f"IMP product {product_id} updated",
+        operator_id=current_user.id,
+        operator_role=current_user.role,
+    )
+    return ProductRead.model_validate(updated)
diff --git a/backend/app/api/v1/imp_transactions.py b/backend/app/api/v1/imp_transactions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1be8b3a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/api/v1/imp_transactions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import uuid
+from datetime import date
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.core.deps import get_current_user, get_db_session, require_study_member, require_study_roles
+from app.crud import audit as audit_crud
+from app.crud import imp_batch as batch_crud
+from app.crud import imp_tx as tx_crud
+from app.crud import study as study_crud
+from app.crud import subject as subject_crud
+from app.crud import member as member_crud
+from app.schemas.imp import TxCreate, TxRead
+from app.services.imp import create_transaction_and_apply_inventory, NEGATIVE_TYPES
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+async def _ensure_study_exists(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID):
+    study = await study_crud.get(db, study_id)
+    if not study:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Study not found")
+    return study
+
+
+async def _validate_entities(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID, site_id: uuid.UUID, batch_id: uuid.UUID, subject_id: uuid.UUID | None):
+    batch = await batch_crud.get_batch(db, batch_id)
+    if not batch or batch.study_id != study_id:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Batch not found")
+    from app.models.site import Site
+    site = await db.get(Site, site_id)
+    if not site or site.study_id != study_id:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Site not found")
+    if subject_id:
+        subj = await subject_crud.get_subject(db, subject_id)
+        if not subj or subj.study_id != study_id:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND, detail="Subject not found")
+    if batch.expiry_date and date.today() > batch.expiry_date and batch_id:
+        # forbid outflow when expired
+        pass
+
+
+@router.post(
+    "/",
+    response_model=TxRead,
+    status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_roles(["PM", "IMP"]))],
+)
+async def create_transaction(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    tx_in: TxCreate,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+    current_user=Depends(get_current_user),
+) -> TxRead:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    await _validate_entities(db, study_id, tx_in.site_id, tx_in.batch_id, tx_in.subject_id)
+    if tx_in.tx_type in NEGATIVE_TYPES:
+        batch = await batch_crud.get_batch(db, tx_in.batch_id)
+        if batch and batch.status == "EXPIRED":
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, detail="Cannot dispense from expired batch")
+    try:
+        tx = await create_transaction_and_apply_inventory(
+            db,
+            study_id=study_id,
+            site_id=tx_in.site_id,
+            batch_id=tx_in.batch_id,
+            subject_id=tx_in.subject_id,
+            tx_type=tx_in.tx_type,
+            quantity=tx_in.quantity,
+            tx_date=tx_in.tx_date,
+            reference=tx_in.reference,
+            notes=tx_in.notes,
+            operator_id=current_user.id,
+            operator_role=current_user.role,
+        )
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, detail=str(exc)) from exc
+    return TxRead.model_validate(tx)
+
+
+@router.get(
+    "/",
+    response_model=list[TxRead],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_member())],
+)
+async def list_transactions(
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    site_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    batch_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    subject_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    tx_type: str | None = None,
+    date_from: date | None = None,
+    date_to: date | None = None,
+    skip: int = 0,
+    limit: int = 100,
+    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db_session),
+) -> list[TxRead]:
+    await _ensure_study_exists(db, study_id)
+    txs = await tx_crud.list_txs(
+        db,
+        study_id,
+        site_id=site_id,
+        batch_id=batch_id,
+        subject_id=subject_id,
+        tx_type=tx_type,
+        date_from=date_from,
+        date_to=date_to,
+        skip=skip,
+        limit=limit,
+    )
+    return [TxRead.model_validate(t) for t in txs]
diff --git a/backend/app/api/v1/router.py b/backend/app/api/v1/router.py
index 13c689c5..27b2d420 100644
--- a/backend/app/api/v1/router.py
+++ b/backend/app/api/v1/router.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from fastapi import APIRouter
 
-from app.api.v1 import auth, users, studies, sites, members, comments, attachments, audit_logs, milestones, tasks, dashboard, subjects, visits, aes, issues, data_queries, verifications
+from app.api.v1 import auth, users, studies, sites, members, comments, attachments, audit_logs, milestones, tasks, dashboard, subjects, visits, aes, issues, data_queries, verifications, imp_products, imp_batches, imp_inventory, imp_transactions
 
 api_router = APIRouter()
 api_router.include_router(auth.router, prefix="/auth", tags=["auth"])
@@ -20,3 +20,7 @@ api_router.include_router(aes.router, prefix="/studies/{study_id}/aes", tags=["a
 api_router.include_router(issues.router, prefix="/studies/{study_id}/issues", tags=["issues"])
 api_router.include_router(data_queries.router, prefix="/studies/{study_id}/data-queries", tags=["data-queries"])
 api_router.include_router(verifications.router, prefix="/studies/{study_id}/verifications", tags=["verifications"])
+api_router.include_router(imp_products.router, prefix="/studies/{study_id}/imp/products", tags=["imp-products"])
+api_router.include_router(imp_batches.router, prefix="/studies/{study_id}/imp/batches", tags=["imp-batches"])
+api_router.include_router(imp_inventory.router, prefix="/studies/{study_id}/imp/inventory", tags=["imp-inventory"])
+api_router.include_router(imp_transactions.router, prefix="/studies/{study_id}/imp/transactions", tags=["imp-transactions"])
diff --git a/backend/app/crud/imp_batch.py b/backend/app/crud/imp_batch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75b698f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/crud/imp_batch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import uuid
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from sqlalchemy import select, update as sa_update
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.models.imp_batch import ImpBatch
+from app.models.imp_product import ImpProduct
+from app.schemas.imp import BatchCreate, BatchUpdate
+
+
+async def create_batch(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID, batch_in: BatchCreate) -> ImpBatch:
+    result = await db.execute(select(ImpProduct).where(ImpProduct.id == batch_in.product_id))
+    product = result.scalar_one_or_none()
+    if not product or product.study_id != study_id:
+        raise ValueError("Product not found in study")
+
+    batch = ImpBatch(
+        study_id=study_id,
+        product_id=batch_in.product_id,
+        batch_no=batch_in.batch_no,
+        expiry_date=batch_in.expiry_date,
+        manufacture_date=batch_in.manufacture_date,
+        status="ACTIVE",
+    )
+    db.add(batch)
+    await db.commit()
+    await db.refresh(batch)
+    return batch
+
+
+async def get_batch(db: AsyncSession, batch_id: uuid.UUID) -> ImpBatch | None:
+    result = await db.execute(select(ImpBatch).where(ImpBatch.id == batch_id))
+    return result.scalar_one_or_none()
+
+
+async def list_batches(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID, product_id: uuid.UUID | None = None, status: str | None = None) -> Sequence[ImpBatch]:
+    stmt = select(ImpBatch).where(ImpBatch.study_id == study_id)
+    if product_id:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpBatch.product_id == product_id)
+    if status:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpBatch.status == status)
+    result = await db.execute(stmt)
+    return result.scalars().all()
+
+
+async def update_batch(db: AsyncSession, batch: ImpBatch, batch_in: BatchUpdate) -> ImpBatch:
+    update_data = batch_in.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
+    if update_data:
+        await db.execute(
+            sa_update(ImpBatch)
+            .where(ImpBatch.id == batch.id)
+            .values(**update_data)
+        )
+        await db.commit()
+    await db.refresh(batch)
+    return batch
diff --git a/backend/app/crud/imp_inventory.py b/backend/app/crud/imp_inventory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a97dd4a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/crud/imp_inventory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import uuid
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.models.imp_inventory import ImpInventory
+from app.models.imp_batch import ImpBatch
+
+
+async def get_inventory_for_update(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID, site_id: uuid.UUID, batch_id: uuid.UUID) -> ImpInventory | None:
+    result = await db.execute(
+        select(ImpInventory)
+        .where(
+            ImpInventory.study_id == study_id,
+            ImpInventory.site_id == site_id,
+            ImpInventory.batch_id == batch_id,
+        )
+        .with_for_update()
+    )
+    return result.scalar_one_or_none()
+
+
+async def get_or_create_inventory(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID, site_id: uuid.UUID, batch_id: uuid.UUID) -> ImpInventory:
+    inv = await get_inventory_for_update(db, study_id, site_id, batch_id)
+    if inv:
+        return inv
+    inv = ImpInventory(study_id=study_id, site_id=site_id, batch_id=batch_id, quantity_on_hand=0)
+    db.add(inv)
+    await db.flush()
+    return inv
+
+
+async def list_inventory(
+    db: AsyncSession,
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    site_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    product_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+) -> Sequence[ImpInventory]:
+    stmt = select(ImpInventory).where(ImpInventory.study_id == study_id)
+    if site_id:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpInventory.site_id == site_id)
+    if product_id:
+        stmt = stmt.join(ImpBatch, ImpBatch.id == ImpInventory.batch_id).where(ImpBatch.product_id == product_id)
+    result = await db.execute(stmt)
+    return result.scalars().all()
diff --git a/backend/app/crud/imp_product.py b/backend/app/crud/imp_product.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..493d5cbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/crud/imp_product.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import uuid
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from sqlalchemy import select, update as sa_update
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.models.imp_product import ImpProduct
+from app.schemas.imp import ProductCreate, ProductUpdate
+
+
+async def create_product(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID, product_in: ProductCreate) -> ImpProduct:
+    product = ImpProduct(
+        study_id=study_id,
+        name=product_in.name,
+        form=product_in.form,
+        strength=product_in.strength,
+        unit=product_in.unit,
+        description=product_in.description,
+        is_active=product_in.is_active,
+    )
+    db.add(product)
+    await db.commit()
+    await db.refresh(product)
+    return product
+
+
+async def get_product(db: AsyncSession, product_id: uuid.UUID) -> ImpProduct | None:
+    result = await db.execute(select(ImpProduct).where(ImpProduct.id == product_id))
+    return result.scalar_one_or_none()
+
+
+async def list_products(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID, is_active: bool | None = None) -> Sequence[ImpProduct]:
+    stmt = select(ImpProduct).where(ImpProduct.study_id == study_id)
+    if is_active is not None:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpProduct.is_active == is_active)
+    result = await db.execute(stmt)
+    return result.scalars().all()
+
+
+async def update_product(db: AsyncSession, product: ImpProduct, product_in: ProductUpdate) -> ImpProduct:
+    update_data = product_in.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
+    if update_data:
+        await db.execute(
+            sa_update(ImpProduct)
+            .where(ImpProduct.id == product.id)
+            .values(**update_data)
+        )
+        await db.commit()
+    await db.refresh(product)
+    return product
diff --git a/backend/app/crud/imp_tx.py b/backend/app/crud/imp_tx.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68de9bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/crud/imp_tx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import uuid
+from datetime import date
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.models.imp_transaction import ImpTransaction
+
+
+async def create_tx(
+    db: AsyncSession,
+    *,
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    site_id: uuid.UUID,
+    batch_id: uuid.UUID,
+    subject_id: uuid.UUID | None,
+    tx_type: str,
+    quantity: int,
+    tx_date: date,
+    reference: str | None,
+    notes: str | None,
+    created_by: uuid.UUID,
+) -> ImpTransaction:
+    tx = ImpTransaction(
+        study_id=study_id,
+        site_id=site_id,
+        batch_id=batch_id,
+        subject_id=subject_id,
+        tx_type=tx_type,
+        quantity=quantity,
+        tx_date=tx_date,
+        reference=reference,
+        notes=notes,
+        created_by=created_by,
+    )
+    db.add(tx)
+    await db.flush()
+    return tx
+
+
+async def list_txs(
+    db: AsyncSession,
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    *,
+    site_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    batch_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    subject_id: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+    tx_type: str | None = None,
+    date_from: date | None = None,
+    date_to: date | None = None,
+    skip: int = 0,
+    limit: int = 100,
+) -> Sequence[ImpTransaction]:
+    stmt = select(ImpTransaction).where(ImpTransaction.study_id == study_id)
+    if site_id:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpTransaction.site_id == site_id)
+    if batch_id:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpTransaction.batch_id == batch_id)
+    if subject_id:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpTransaction.subject_id == subject_id)
+    if tx_type:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpTransaction.tx_type == tx_type)
+    if date_from:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpTransaction.tx_date >= date_from)
+    if date_to:
+        stmt = stmt.where(ImpTransaction.tx_date <= date_to)
+    stmt = stmt.offset(skip).limit(limit)
+    result = await db.execute(stmt)
+    return result.scalars().all()
diff --git a/backend/app/db/base.py b/backend/app/db/base.py
index 8a18a1c3..400b6871 100644
--- a/backend/app/db/base.py
+++ b/backend/app/db/base.py
@@ -16,3 +16,7 @@ from app.models.ae import AdverseEvent  # noqa: F401
 from app.models.issue import Issue  # noqa: F401
 from app.models.data_query import DataQuery  # noqa: F401
 from app.models.verification import VerificationProgress  # noqa: F401
+from app.models.imp_product import ImpProduct  # noqa: F401
+from app.models.imp_batch import ImpBatch  # noqa: F401
+from app.models.imp_inventory import ImpInventory  # noqa: F401
+from app.models.imp_transaction import ImpTransaction  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/backend/app/models/imp_batch.py b/backend/app/models/imp_batch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e078bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/models/imp_batch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, date
+
+from sqlalchemy import Date, DateTime, ForeignKey, String, UniqueConstraint, func
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUID
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
+
+from app.db.base_class import Base
+
+
+class ImpBatch(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "imp_batches"
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("study_id", "batch_no", "product_id", name="uq_imp_batch_no"),)
+
+    id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
+    study_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("studies.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    product_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("imp_products.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    batch_no: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100), nullable=False)
+    expiry_date: Mapped[date | None] = mapped_column(Date, nullable=True)
+    manufacture_date: Mapped[date | None] = mapped_column(Date, nullable=True)
+    status: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(20), nullable=False, default="ACTIVE")
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=func.now())
+    updated_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+        DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=func.now(), onupdate=func.now()
+    )
diff --git a/backend/app/models/imp_inventory.py b/backend/app/models/imp_inventory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d66798a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/models/imp_inventory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from sqlalchemy import DateTime, ForeignKey, Integer, UniqueConstraint, func
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUID
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
+
+from app.db.base_class import Base
+
+
+class ImpInventory(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "imp_inventory"
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("study_id", "site_id", "batch_id", name="uq_imp_inventory_site_batch"),)
+
+    id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
+    study_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("studies.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    site_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("sites.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    batch_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("imp_batches.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    quantity_on_hand: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False, default=0)
+    updated_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=func.now(), onupdate=func.now())
diff --git a/backend/app/models/imp_product.py b/backend/app/models/imp_product.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..673c3e09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/models/imp_product.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, DateTime, ForeignKey, String, Text, UniqueConstraint, func
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUID
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
+
+from app.db.base_class import Base
+
+
+class ImpProduct(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "imp_products"
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("study_id", "name", name="uq_imp_product_name"),)
+
+    id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
+    study_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("studies.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255), nullable=False)
+    form: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(100), nullable=True)
+    strength: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(100), nullable=True)
+    unit: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50), nullable=False)
+    description: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=True)
+    is_active: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, nullable=False, default=True)
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=func.now())
+    updated_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+        DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=func.now(), onupdate=func.now()
+    )
diff --git a/backend/app/models/imp_transaction.py b/backend/app/models/imp_transaction.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5375f25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/models/imp_transaction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, date
+
+from sqlalchemy import Date, DateTime, ForeignKey, Integer, String, Text, func
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUID
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
+
+from app.db.base_class import Base
+
+
+class ImpTransaction(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "imp_transactions"
+
+    id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
+    study_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("studies.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    site_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("sites.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    batch_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("imp_batches.id"), index=True, nullable=False)
+    subject_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID | None] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("subjects.id"), nullable=True)
+    tx_type: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(20), nullable=False)
+    quantity: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False)
+    tx_date: Mapped[date] = mapped_column(Date, nullable=False)
+    reference: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(255), nullable=True)
+    notes: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=True)
+    created_by: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("users.id"), nullable=False)
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False, server_default=func.now())
diff --git a/backend/app/schemas/imp.py b/backend/app/schemas/imp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a0e7f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/schemas/imp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import uuid
+from datetime import date, datetime
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+
+class ProductCreate(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    form: Optional[str] = None
+    strength: Optional[str] = None
+    unit: str
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    is_active: bool = True
+
+
+class ProductUpdate(BaseModel):
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    form: Optional[str] = None
+    strength: Optional[str] = None
+    unit: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    is_active: Optional[bool] = None
+
+
+class ProductRead(BaseModel):
+    id: uuid.UUID
+    study_id: uuid.UUID
+    name: str
+    form: Optional[str]
+    strength: Optional[str]
+    unit: str
+    description: Optional[str]
+    is_active: bool
+    created_at: datetime
+    updated_at: datetime
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
+
+
+class BatchCreate(BaseModel):
+    product_id: uuid.UUID
+    batch_no: str
+    expiry_date: Optional[date] = None
+    manufacture_date: Optional[date] = None
+
+
+class BatchUpdate(BaseModel):
+    status: Optional[str] = None
+    expiry_date: Optional[date] = None
+    manufacture_date: Optional[date] = None
+
+
+class BatchRead(BaseModel):
+    id: uuid.UUID
+    study_id: uuid.UUID
+    product_id: uuid.UUID
+    batch_no: str
+    expiry_date: Optional[date]
+    manufacture_date: Optional[date]
+    status: str
+    created_at: datetime
+    updated_at: datetime
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
+
+
+class InventoryRead(BaseModel):
+    site_id: uuid.UUID
+    batch_id: uuid.UUID
+    quantity_on_hand: int
+    updated_at: datetime
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
+
+
+class TxCreate(BaseModel):
+    site_id: uuid.UUID
+    batch_id: uuid.UUID
+    subject_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None
+    tx_type: str
+    quantity: int = Field(gt=0)
+    tx_date: date
+    reference: Optional[str] = None
+    notes: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class TxRead(BaseModel):
+    id: uuid.UUID
+    study_id: uuid.UUID
+    site_id: uuid.UUID
+    batch_id: uuid.UUID
+    subject_id: Optional[uuid.UUID]
+    tx_type: str
+    quantity: int
+    tx_date: date
+    reference: Optional[str]
+    notes: Optional[str]
+    created_by: uuid.UUID
+    created_at: datetime
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
diff --git a/backend/app/services/imp.py b/backend/app/services/imp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd82c026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/services/imp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import uuid
+from typing import Literal
+
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.crud import imp_inventory as inventory_crud
+from app.crud import imp_tx as tx_crud
+from app.crud import audit as audit_crud
+from app.models.imp_batch import ImpBatch
+from app.models.site import Site
+from app.models.subject import Subject
+
+TxType = Literal["RECEIPT", "DISPENSE", "RETURN", "RECONCILE", "DESTROY", "TRANSFER_IN", "TRANSFER_OUT"]
+
+POSITIVE_TYPES = {"RECEIPT", "RETURN", "TRANSFER_IN"}
+NEGATIVE_TYPES = {"DISPENSE", "DESTROY", "TRANSFER_OUT"}
+
+
+async def _validate_entities(db: AsyncSession, study_id: uuid.UUID, site_id: uuid.UUID, batch_id: uuid.UUID, subject_id: uuid.UUID | None):
+    site = await db.get(Site, site_id)
+    if not site or site.study_id != study_id:
+        raise ValueError("Site not found in study")
+    batch = await db.get(ImpBatch, batch_id)
+    if not batch or batch.study_id != study_id:
+        raise ValueError("Batch not found in study")
+    # batch status check could be extended
+    if subject_id:
+        subj = await db.get(Subject, subject_id)
+        if not subj or subj.study_id != study_id:
+            raise ValueError("Subject not found in study")
+
+
+async def create_transaction_and_apply_inventory(
+    db: AsyncSession,
+    *,
+    study_id: uuid.UUID,
+    site_id: uuid.UUID,
+    batch_id: uuid.UUID,
+    subject_id: uuid.UUID | None,
+    tx_type: TxType,
+    quantity: int,
+    tx_date,
+    reference: str | None,
+    notes: str | None,
+    operator_id: uuid.UUID,
+    operator_role: str,
+) -> tuple:
+    if quantity <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("Quantity must be positive")
+    await _validate_entities(db, study_id, site_id, batch_id, subject_id)
+
+    async with db.begin_nested():
+        inv = await inventory_crud.get_or_create_inventory(db, study_id, site_id, batch_id)
+        delta = quantity if tx_type in POSITIVE_TYPES else -quantity
+        new_qoh = inv.quantity_on_hand + delta
+        if new_qoh < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Insufficient inventory")
+
+        inv.quantity_on_hand = new_qoh
+        tx = await tx_crud.create_tx(
+            db,
+            study_id=study_id,
+            site_id=site_id,
+            batch_id=batch_id,
+            subject_id=subject_id,
+            tx_type=tx_type,
+            quantity=quantity,
+            tx_date=tx_date,
+            reference=reference,
+            notes=notes,
+            created_by=operator_id,
+        )
+        await db.flush()
+    detail = f"{tx_type} {quantity} units batch {batch_id} at site {site_id}, QOH -> {new_qoh}"
+    await audit_crud.log_action(
+        db,
+        study_id=study_id,
+        entity_type="imp_tx",
+        entity_id=tx.id,
+        action="CREATE_IMP_TX",
+        detail=detail,
+        operator_id=operator_id,
+        operator_role=operator_role,
+    )
+    return tx
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