权限系统迁移完成：接口级权限 + 前置权限检查

## 核心改进
- 完全迁移到接口级权限（68个API端点）
- 实现前置权限检查机制，解决跨模块数据访问权限问题
- 添加权限管理API端点，支持前置权限查询

## 关键变更
1. 权限配置系统
   - 添加OPERATION_PREREQUISITES映射表
   - 所有操作配置前置权限依赖

2. 权限检查函数
   - role_has_api_permission()支持前置权限检查
   - get_missing_prerequisites()获取缺失权限列表

3. 权限管理API
   - GET /api-permissions/operations - 获取所有操作及前置权限
   - GET /api-permissions/operations/prerequisites - 获取前置权限依赖
   - GET /api-permissions/{endpoint_key}/prerequisites - 检查缺失权限

4. API端点迁移
   - 第1批：subjects, visits, aes, monitoring_visit_issues (23个)
   - 第2批：members, sites, project_milestones (11个)
   - 第3批：finance_contracts, fees_contracts, drug_shipments (15个)
   - 第4批：startup endpoints (19个)

## 测试验证
- 单元测试：24个测试全部通过
- 集成测试：22个迁移端点测试通过
- 前置权限测试：12个测试全部通过
- 总计：46个测试全部通过

## 向后兼容性
- 模块级权限表保留用于历史数据
- 接口级权限未配置时自动回退到模块级权限
- 现有权限配置继续有效

Co-Authored-By: Claude Haiku 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/app/api/v1/startup.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import uuid
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
-from app.core.deps import get_cra_site_scope, get_current_user, get_db_session, require_study_permission
+from app.core.deps import get_cra_site_scope, get_current_user, get_db_session, require_api_permission
 from app.crud import audit as audit_crud
 from app.crud import site as site_crud
 from app.crud import startup as startup_crud
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ async def _ensure_site_active(db: AsyncSession, site_id: uuid.UUID | None):
     "/feasibility",
     response_model=StartupFeasibilityRead,
     status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:create"))],
 )
 async def create_feasibility(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ async def create_feasibility(
 @router.get(
     "/feasibility",
     response_model=list[StartupFeasibilityRead],
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:read"))],
 )
 async def list_feasibilities(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ async def list_feasibilities(
 @router.get(
     "/feasibility/{record_id}",
     response_model=StartupFeasibilityRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:read"))],
 )
 async def get_feasibility(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ async def get_feasibility(
 @router.patch(
     "/feasibility/{record_id}",
     response_model=StartupFeasibilityRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:update"))],
 )
 async def update_feasibility(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ async def update_feasibility(
 @router.delete(
     "/feasibility/{record_id}",
     status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:delete"))],
 )
 async def delete_feasibility(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ async def delete_feasibility(
     "/ethics",
     response_model=StartupEthicsRead,
     status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:create"))],
 )
 async def create_ethics(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ async def create_ethics(
 @router.get(
     "/ethics",
     response_model=list[StartupEthicsRead],
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:read"))],
 )
 async def list_ethics(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ async def list_ethics(
 @router.get(
     "/ethics/{record_id}",
     response_model=StartupEthicsRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:read"))],
 )
 async def get_ethics(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ async def get_ethics(
 @router.patch(
     "/ethics/{record_id}",
     response_model=StartupEthicsRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:update"))],
 )
 async def update_ethics(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ async def update_ethics(
 @router.delete(
     "/ethics/{record_id}",
     status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_ethics", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("ethics:delete"))],
 )
 async def delete_ethics(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ async def delete_ethics(
     "/kickoff",
     response_model=KickoffMeetingRead,
     status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:create"))],
 )
 async def create_kickoff(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ async def create_kickoff(
 @router.get(
     "/kickoff",
     response_model=list[KickoffMeetingRead],
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:read"))],
 )
 async def list_kickoffs(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ async def list_kickoffs(
 @router.get(
     "/kickoff/{meeting_id}",
     response_model=KickoffMeetingRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:read"))],
 )
 async def get_kickoff(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ async def get_kickoff(
 @router.patch(
     "/kickoff/{meeting_id}",
     response_model=KickoffMeetingRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:update"))],
 )
 async def update_kickoff(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ async def update_kickoff(
     "/training-authorizations",
     response_model=TrainingAuthorizationRead,
     status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:create"))],
 )
 async def create_training_authorization(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ async def create_training_authorization(
 @router.get(
     "/training-authorizations",
     response_model=list[TrainingAuthorizationRead],
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:read"))],
 )
 async def list_training_authorizations(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ async def list_training_authorizations(
 @router.get(
     "/training-authorizations/{record_id}",
     response_model=TrainingAuthorizationRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:read"))],
 )
 async def get_training_authorization(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ async def get_training_authorization(
 @router.patch(
     "/training-authorizations/{record_id}",
     response_model=TrainingAuthorizationRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:update"))],
 )
 async def update_training_authorization(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ async def update_training_authorization(
 @router.delete(
     "/training-authorizations/{record_id}",
     status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("startup_auth", "write"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("startup_auth:delete"))],
 )
 async def delete_training_authorization(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,