权限系统迁移完成：接口级权限 + 前置权限检查

## 核心改进
- 完全迁移到接口级权限（68个API端点）
- 实现前置权限检查机制，解决跨模块数据访问权限问题
- 添加权限管理API端点，支持前置权限查询

## 关键变更
1. 权限配置系统
   - 添加OPERATION_PREREQUISITES映射表
   - 所有操作配置前置权限依赖

2. 权限检查函数
   - role_has_api_permission()支持前置权限检查
   - get_missing_prerequisites()获取缺失权限列表

3. 权限管理API
   - GET /api-permissions/operations - 获取所有操作及前置权限
   - GET /api-permissions/operations/prerequisites - 获取前置权限依赖
   - GET /api-permissions/{endpoint_key}/prerequisites - 检查缺失权限

4. API端点迁移
   - 第1批：subjects, visits, aes, monitoring_visit_issues (23个)
   - 第2批：members, sites, project_milestones (11个)
   - 第3批：finance_contracts, fees_contracts, drug_shipments (15个)
   - 第4批：startup endpoints (19个)

## 测试验证
- 单元测试：24个测试全部通过
- 集成测试：22个迁移端点测试通过
- 前置权限测试：12个测试全部通过
- 总计：46个测试全部通过

## 向后兼容性
- 模块级权限表保留用于历史数据
- 接口级权限未配置时自动回退到模块级权限
- 现有权限配置继续有效

Co-Authored-By: Claude Haiku 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/app/api/v1/monitoring_visit_issues.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from openpyxl import Workbook, load_workbook
 from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
-from app.core.deps import get_current_user, get_db_session, require_study_not_locked, require_study_permission
+from app.core.deps import get_current_user, get_db_session, require_study_not_locked, require_api_permission
 from app.crud import audit as audit_crud
 from app.crud import monitoring_visit_issue as issue_crud
 from app.crud import site as site_crud
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ def _normalize_file_rows(filename: str, content: bytes) -> list[dict[str, object
 @router.get(
     "/issues",
     response_model=list[MonitoringVisitIssueRead],
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("monitoring_audit", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("monitoring_audit:read"))],
 )
 async def list_monitoring_visit_issues(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ async def list_monitoring_visit_issues(
     "/issues",
     response_model=MonitoringVisitIssueRead,
     status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("monitoring_audit", "write")), Depends(require_study_not_locked())],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("monitoring_audit:create")), Depends(require_study_not_locked())],
 )
 async def create_monitoring_visit_issue(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ async def create_monitoring_visit_issue(
 @router.get(
     "/issues/export",
     response_class=StreamingResponse,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("monitoring_audit", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("monitoring_audit:read"))],
 )
 async def export_monitoring_visit_issues(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ async def export_monitoring_visit_issues(
 @router.get(
     "/issues/{issue_id}",
     response_model=MonitoringVisitIssueRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("monitoring_audit", "read"))],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("monitoring_audit:read"))],
 )
 async def get_monitoring_visit_issue(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ async def get_monitoring_visit_issue(
 @router.patch(
     "/issues/{issue_id}",
     response_model=MonitoringVisitIssueRead,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("monitoring_audit", "write")), Depends(require_study_not_locked())],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("monitoring_audit:update")), Depends(require_study_not_locked())],
 )
 async def update_monitoring_visit_issue(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ async def update_monitoring_visit_issue(
 @router.delete(
     "/issues/{issue_id}",
     status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("monitoring_audit", "write")), Depends(require_study_not_locked())],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("monitoring_audit:delete")), Depends(require_study_not_locked())],
 )
 async def delete_monitoring_visit_issue(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ async def delete_monitoring_visit_issue(
 @router.post(
     "/issues/import",
     response_model=MonitoringVisitIssueImportSummary,
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_study_permission("monitoring_audit", "write")), Depends(require_study_not_locked())],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_api_permission("monitoring_audit:create")), Depends(require_study_not_locked())],
 )
 async def import_monitoring_visit_issues(
     study_id: uuid.UUID,